Lowered expression of DNA mend genes disrupts DNA mend. This can be proven from the figure with the 4th level with the top rated. (While in the determine, crimson wording indicates the central purpose of DNA damage and defects in DNA maintenance inside the progression to most cancers.) When DNA restore is deficient DNA damage stays in cells at an increased than normal level (5th amount) and results in improved frequencies of mutation and/or epimutation (sixth level).
您周围的环境可能含有会导致患癌风险增加的有害化学物质。即使您不吸烟，但如果您前往有人吸烟的地方或是与吸烟者同住，您也可能会吸入二手烟。家里或工作场所的化学物质（如石棉和苯）也会增加患癌的风险。
If a human could Stay very long more than enough, it's inevitable that at least certainly one of her or his cells would at some point accumulate a set of mutations enough for most cancers to acquire. ^
Conservation is the 癌症 heart of just what the zoo believe in, and operate in conservation in 4 categories, in the sector, breeding, sustainability and education and learning
确定治疗目标是重要的第一步。主要目标通常是治愈癌症或显著延长生命。改善患者的生活质量也是一项重要目标。这可通过为患者提供身体、社会心理和精神健康支持以及在癌症末期提供姑息治疗来实现。
有多种类型，常见药物有利妥昔单抗、曲妥珠单抗、贝伐珠单抗、替吡法尼、伊马替尼、索拉非尼、舒尼替尼、血管抑素、硼替佐米等。
戒烟。如果您抽烟，请戒烟。如果您不吸烟，请勿开始抽烟。抽烟与多种癌症有关，而不仅仅是肺癌。立即停止吸烟会降低您将来患癌症的风险。
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癌症會根據發生的部位，有不同前兆或症狀，但這些前兆也可能由其他疾病引起，因此，如果以下症狀持續數週都沒有改善，請前往醫院進行檢查。
症状性癌症的早期诊断在所有环境中并且对大多数癌症都意义重大。癌症规划应旨在减少诊断、治疗和支持性护理方面的延误和障碍。
二级预防是指癌症一旦发生，如何在早期阶段发现并予以及时治疗。包括：①对癌症危险信号（如持续性消化不良、绝经后阴道流血、大小便习惯改变、久治不愈的溃疡等）的认识和重视；②对高发区和高危人群定期检查；③发现癌前病变并及时治疗；④加强对易感人群的监测；⑤肿瘤自检（对身体暴露部位定期进行检查）。
Therapy is generally the same as for non-pregnant Females. Even so, radiation and radioactive medicines are Usually prevented through pregnancy, especially if the fetal dose may exceed 100 cGy. Occasionally, some or all therapies are postponed right up until right after delivery In the event the most cancers is diagnosed late within the pregnancy.
肿瘤在其生长过程中，虽然能够暂时通过建立新生血管解决自身给养问题，但是快速的增长一样会将之推向资源和空间匮乏的边缘。隨著腫瘤細胞持續生長，在這樣競爭的壓力下，这时肿瘤就会扩散。而这种肿瘤在生长过程中侵略性不断增加的过程则被称为演进（progression）。具体的行为则是生长的加快，并且开始入侵周遭的正常组织（癌症浸润），并且通过血管转移到远端（癌症转移）。
通过穿刺、活检或根治手术获得病变组织，结合免疫组化染色、特殊染色、分子病理检测等，能明确癌症的类型、分化程度、分期等信息，以指导临床下一步治疗。